Concepts on pilgrimage as a social process

Concepts on trip as a brotherly fulfillTo what extent do food turners opinions of liminality and communitas cast light on transit as a accessible work out? The apprehensions of liminality and comunitas is evanescent, like a wisp of bay window in the wind. (Shure, 2005) It attempts to achieve some stressalization of a brotherly bring in a theoretic each(prenominal)y perspective, though academically this can be achieved it is rattling hard to master the full and in-depth thought of the pilgrimage. As all academic essays require the clear and stick outard definition of the question, Turners concepts exit afterwards be explained and further more(prenominal) the meaning behind both the pilgrimage and social process go away be dealt with in detail. Turner draws on concepts of forefront Genneps seat of rites of passage liminality is a state of conversion argued by Turner, it is uncomplete here nor there they argon betwixt and surrounded by the positions assigned and p anoplied by constabulary, custom, convention, and ceremonial. (Turner, 1969, p. 95) The attempt of the essay give show how the liminality identifies itself as finish of transition with the social process of a pilgrimage, identify the equality and communitas will attempt to illustrate the process of a pilgrimage, moreover is social brass actually lost during a pilgrimage and what is the concept of a social process and does a pilgrimage really fit into this definition, is a pilgrimage cardinal of equality and ane-on- wizardity or that of a coordinate formation or a social experience.The rite of passage, focalisati anes on the fact that a ingredient of a group neither belongs to the group she was a part of or the group she will belong to after the luminal full point has been completed. A typical liminal stage can be seen as the child between becoming an adult and staying a child, puberty as a liminal stage in every individual persons own carriage pilgrimage. (Turner V. E ., 1978) Continuing with the legal opinion of liminal catchs sensation can observe that in Mary Douglas Purity and Danger, illustrates that the individual is a polluting force on the external groups as liminal individuals are of no status, insigniakinship position, nonhing to demarcate them structurally (Turner V. , The forst of symbols Aspects of Ndembu ritual, 1967, p. 98) Liminality, In the use of Van Genneps model of the three, Turner illustrates the grades of the ritual, the ritual is an catalyst and exemplifies the transitional period. The transitional period is determine as the liminal period. (Turner V. , 1967, p. 94) Seclusion from everyday life is a typical government issue to the liminal period which is the attempt to re pass away the individual from the confederacy, subsequently forcing the individual into an intimate pilgrimage of development of self. The application of classification is often used, in doing so this continues the transition and the removal of previous identity, furthermore denoting the status of transition. Turner develops this concept further in the ambiguity that is suggested, the concept of seclusion, and the non identification of the individual of gender or class. Turner continues to suggest the equality of this transitional period however m whatever anthropologist are hesitant to apply this to an overall spectrum as in various societies the formation of structure is still impose. (Turner V. , 1967)Turners three phase concept is simple in concept and difficult in application, phase one being the communication of sacra, where secret symbols are communicated to the ritual subjects in the form of exhibitions of sacred articles, actions, and instructions the symbols represent the unity and continuity of the community. This then transcends into the liminal period of ludic deconstruction (Deflem, 1991, p. 13) and then subsequently the recombination of the individual Turner develops on this and we move into the phase thr ee, which is the removal of all social structure and what is left is totally the authority of the instructor and aim of the ritual. (Turner V. E., 1978) This phase three fuelled Turner into formalising the concept of Communitas as the identification of one.Anti-structure and Communitas are blood brothers in the opposition to structure, Turner clearly notes that communitas is present within in a liminal stage when structure is not present (Turner V. , 1969, pp. 94-96) as criticised above Turner clearly identifies this to be present within a period of liminality in a ritual process. The removal of all social elements and the exclusion from this constitutes a community bond, one of military personnel kindness constituting this ritual communitas of individuals in a separate transition hostel much(prenominal) as the concept of limbo between enlightenment and hell, between life and death. Turner further explains communitas in the Ritual Process, explaining that they bring up to two fu rther modalities of society. (Turner V. , excursion and communitas, 1974) A Dialectic process between various communitas, a general view of equality of individuals (later works such as Eade argue against this concept) and that of the structured individuals in a hierarchical system such as in the Hindu religion. The Dialectic has been used passim time such as in Revolutions and the maximization of communitas provokes maximization of structure, which in turn produces revolutionary strivings for re virgined communitus. (Turner V. , 1969, p. 129)Communitas is observed as something that is a phase in a process of a ritual not something that will continue after the process has been completed as the fate of all type of communitas is inevitably a decline and fall into structure and law (Turner V. , 1969, p. 132), after which a new form of communitas may rise again. (Turner V. , Pilgrimage and communitas, 1974, p. 282) The concept of a pilgrimage and the community are centred to many lea rned debates, Eade and Sallnow question the role of the pilgrimage in sustaining or negating the social structure. (Sallnow, 1981) In following onto the concept that is discussed, the contrast to Marxist understanding to the pilgrimage as a structural maintenance juxtaposed with Turners pilgrimage concept of off-the-cuff communitas. thusly in discussion of the experience does it not bind one to the larger concept of a community? (Eade J. a., 1991, p. 5)The pilgrimage is an area of anthropology that had lacked any in-depth focus within the field till Turners Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture and when formalising concepts on the pilgrimage one is prone to focus on the most powerful rituals per create by spectral members and not unavoidably the simplistic rituals of everyday life Eade Coleman suggest that pilgrimage has been neglected repayable to this assertion of a pilgrimage of a liminal nature, and that of a daily life furthermore suggesting that a pilgrimage is someth ing of extraordinary nature such as the pilgrimage to Mecca, a pilgrimage to a holy shrine why in this definition has pilgrimage has been removed from everyday life and imposed on that of a religious ritual background, one could suggest that the simplistic notion of going in search of a new cope with of shoes or a job is a pilgrimage of the individual. In doing so one is removing themselves from the pre-persona and transition into the new entity and within this liminal stage they are neither. (Eade, 2004) Though Turner states that the individual accounts such as documents or viva voce narratives of the personal experiences allow us to envisage the social process of a pilgrimage, subsequently suggesting that even though a pilgrimage maybe an interior one between the divine or one or a social community to Mecca, a pilgrimage none the less(prenominal) is a social process. The pilgrimage as a social process is formed on the symbolic and structural elements, outright important when c onsidering the apparent or lack of structure, anti-structure, communitas, and liminality. (Turner V. , 1974) (Turner V. , Pilgrimage and communitas, 1974) Turner observes structure as a more or less distinctive arrangement of mutually dependent institutions and the institutional organization of social positions and/or actors which they imply. (Turner V. , 1974, p. 272) Therefore in such pilgrimages as Muktinath in Nepal such social relations as caste exertion the formation of distance and inequality (Turner V. , 1974, p. 272) (Edwards, 1972)That religious pilgrimage serves to highlight social principles which are idiosyncratic to a particular religious system (Messerschmidt, 1980) most(prenominal) of Turners work was based on the Christianity bases of a pilgrimage as a result communitas behaviour was expectedinherent principles and idealistic expectations (Turner V. E., 1978) though juxtaposed with the pilgrimage of Hinduism, it is very much a contradiction as a Hindu society is h ierarchical and subsequently even though through transition this structured formation is enforced. In relation to the question being addressed, this example illustrates Turners particularized concepts of liminality and communitas do not act coherently throughout all religious pilgrimages. Even though structure plays an element in this example of a pilgrimage. Pilgrimage does not inherently maintain or remove the structure, though Starke and Finke suggest that it rather strengthens the bonds between the individual to a symbolic community. Therefore even though Messerchmidt suggests that structure is within the liminal stage and subsequently communitas does not exist, could not suggest that the symbolic bond that is being achieved is subsequently causation a communitus that exists in a greater place. (Stark, 2000) If we look at the Hajj, it is one of the largest and most well known religious pilgrimages to date, that brings pilgrims back into the time of the Prophets and into the ut opian-like society that previously existed. This pilgrimage is international, members of Islam ascend Mecca to fulfil a once in a life connection to a spiritual community, it is a pilgrimage of the individual however a social process which will invariably be linked into history, with the notion of communitus one could further suggest that the linking with a spiritual holy place one is not just linking to a communitus of the present but that of the past and future. If all are equal at this period of time and structure because the communitus above time. (McCarter, 2005)Turners concepts of liminality and communitas cast a light on the social process of a pilgrimage in some specific notions. It has been clear that Turner has centred all research majorly on a Christianity stance and subsequently foreshowing other religious pilgrimages that actually do not have the removal of the structure within the liminal stage and therefore the inherent structure is transposed from the pre to post f ormations of the individual. As the question directly asks to what extent does Turners concepts cast light, it can be seen that metaphorically Turner has been the beacon fire to the development of anthropology of the pilgrimage however inevitably with the development of theories, Turners concepts notwithstanding will always foreground others. Though as Modern development requires less need for lighthouses, so do the concepts of Turner no longer stand alone with theories of social process and pilgrimage. Turner illustrates that ritual is a solvent to a societys demand but that is actively involved in the human interaction and meaning. His actions and concepts are far from static. (Deflem, 1991) Furthermore supported in new research of John Eade, one can see that within Turners concepts the contemplation of a pilgrimage as something that is not a daily process has once again cast a shadow on the quotidian concepts of a pilgrimage. One, can see that the direct social understanding of a pilgrimage is that of a religious one the search for the divine fervency and where miracles once happened, still happen, and may happen again (Turner V. E., 1978, p. 6)

Financial Risk Management in Mauritius Banking Sector

Financial fortune circumspection in Mauritius fixing SectorDuring the past 10 years, in that respect commence been great changes in the Mauritanian margeing sphere and this is a continuing knead that allow for not stop here. This is broadly beca subprogram of fast innovations in the pecuniary markets and the discoverside(a)ization of the m championtary feeds. Other factors comparable technological development and deregulating urinate both triggered competitive pressures and also provided new opportunities among avers. But these opportunities argon also subject to complex guesss that challenge traditional approaches to swearing fortune circumspection. These factors beget bewitchd the m integritytary world on the international level and the Mauritian beveling field has not been left unaffected.The development of international financial markets sticks have been clear to a wider access to bullion. As a stipulationination of which banks have been developi ng new products, services and techniques. The receipt of deposits and granting of adds, universe the traditional banking practice, is today nubly superstar split up of a banks activities.These new instruments have also c atomic number 18worn amuse to argonas where financial lucks were earlier thought to be relatively un grave. gum olibanumly banks be now propagateed to a greater compartmentalisation of pretends and their competency to measure, superintend and steer guesss accordingly is becoming a decisive logical argument for their survival.The aim of this project is to provide an all overview of the watchfulness process of financial dangerinesss in our Mauritian banking sector as hazard is the fundamental element that influences the financial behavior.Banking jeopardizesBanks ar breastd with a wide array of encounters in their by nature of their operations, as illust ordaind in the figure below. In general, perils ar categorised into tercet incomp atible parts Financial lucks, practicable guessinesss and bloodline Risks.Figure 1 Categories of Banking RisksBanking RisksFinancial RisksOperational Risks Business RisksInterest Rate Risk 1) Business out annotation Risk1) Legal Risk.Foreign Exchange Risk 2) home(a) System and Operational Risk 2) Policy Risk. citation Risk 3) Technology Risk 3) systemicLiquidity Risk 4) Management and Fraud (Country) Risk.Source Annual tell on Banking Supervision 2000 BOMFinancial peril concern the effective steering and get a line of the finances of an organisation and the effects of external factors such as availability of com vagabonder address, irrelevant convert assesss, cheer prize lawsuit and runniness jeopardy. For this project totally the financial side of Risk Management is going to be considered. Focus depart be on the foursome classical types of adventures which beInterest rank Risk is the risk borne by an interest-bearing asset, for causa in this case a lo an, due to variation in interest order.Foreign Exchange Risk is a form of risk that crop up due to the change in toll of whizz coin against an separate.Credit Risk is the risk of over fetching due to a debtors non- payment of a loan.Liquidity risk is the risk to fee arising from a banks unfitness to suffer its obligations when they come due.Operational risks ar colligate to a banks boilersuit organisation and functioning of inherent systems, including com baffleer-related and some new(prenominal) technologies, conformity with bank policies and procedures and measures against misdirection and fraud. Although these types of risks are important, emphasis entrust not be put on them in this project.Business risks are associated with a banks line of deferred payment environment, including the macroeconomic and form _or_ system of government concerns, legal and regulatory factors and the overall financial sector infrastructure and payment system.Outline of ChaptersChapter 2Literature ReviewThis chapter will focus on previous studies and surveys carried out with respect to financial risks encountered by banking institutions around the world. It will also focus on the different techniques employ to get a farseeing these types of risks.Chapter 3Overview of the Mauritian Banking SectorThis chapter aims at giving an overview of the underway Mauritian banking sector and also learning pertaining to risk management.Chapter 4Research MethodologyIn this chapter an outline of the methods use to collect data and carry out the look into is given. The way in which the interview questions have been set and how the data has been analysed victimisation different techniques.Chapter 5 Presentation of findings and AnalysisThis chapter which is the main one aims at presenting and explaining the answers received from the different interviews and data from the annual reports of banks, in a merged way.Chapter 6 Recommendations and ConclusionThis last chapter consist s of the suggestions regarding financial risk management for the Mauritian banking sector and also the answer to the main question.2. LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 formation Financial RisksFinancial risks in the banking field are the probability that the result of an action or event could bring up unfavorable impacts. much(prenominal) outcomes could either cause direct dismission of earnings or upper-case letter or whitethorn result in limitations on banks capacity to meet its business objectives. Such constraints pose a risk as these could influence a banks capacity to perform its ongoing business or to get to advantage of opportunities to advance its businessRisks are much defined by the negative impacts on profitability of numerous separate sources of uncertainty. succession the types and microscope stage of risks of an make-up may be exposed to depend upon a identification number of factors such as its size, complexity business activities, volume etc, it is believed that genera lly the banks face Credit, Market, Liquidity, Operational, Legal and Systemic risks etc.2.2 Definition of Financial Risks as Per Basel IIThe role of risk management in banking has changed from the simple indemnity of delineate risks, to a discipline that concentrates on complex econometric and financial mystify of uncertainty. Financial risk management has been defined by the Basel direction (2001) as a sequence of four processes the identification of events into more(prenominal)(prenominal) or long categories of market, course accredit, operational and other risks and specific sub-categories the assessment of risks exploitation data and a risk model the monitoring and report of the risk assessments on a timely basis and the stamp down of these risks by senior management.The starting time Basel dole out (1988) analysed only credit risks in the banking book the Basel Amendment (1996) ex head for the hillsed this to market risks in the trading book and now the new Basel 2 Accord that will be choose by all G10 and m whatever other countries in 2007 refines credit risk assessments to make more sensitive and extends the calculation of risk pileus to include operational risks.2.3 Distinction between Risk Management and Risk Measurement?Risk measurement is a key part of the general risk management process, exactly its certainly just one of the parts. Other, similarly key parts include defining risks, setting indemnity risk limits and guidelines, and taking action when those limits are threatened of being br all(prenominal)ed. Risk management is as much about people, procedures, and communication, as it is about denary methods involved in risk measurement (Suren Markosov, 2001).Risk measurement, however, is important to the winner of the risk management process. Part of the risk measurement task is to procure that the risk measures being used are suitable to the nature of the risks, and since these risks cigarette be quite motley in nature, so send away the inevitable choices of risk measures.2.4 Why do Banks manage Risks?The analysis of risk management reported in Santomero (1995) gives us a lists of dozens contri andions and at to the lowest degree four separate rationales considered for industrious risk management. These include managerial self-interest, the non-linearity of the measure structure, the costs of financial distress and the existence of smashing market imperfections.Risk is a fundamental part of the banking business, it is not amazing that banks have been employ risk management ever since there have been banks the industry could never have survived without it. The only modification is the degree of sophistication now incumbent to reflect the new complex and fast moving environment (Laurence H Meyer, 2000).The Asiatic financial crisis of 1997 has shown us that ignoring necessary risk management stinker also add to economy-wide difficulties. The long menstruum of extraordinary economic growth and prosperity in Asia had hidden weaknesses in risk management. Many Asian banks did not think about risk or conduct a specie hang up analysis before giving way loans, but rather lent on the basis of their relationship with the borrower and the availability of see despite the fact that the security was often hard to seize in the event of default. The result was that loans including loans by foreign banks grew faster than the capacity of the borrowers to repay.Risk management is clearly not free. In fact its expensive in both resources and in institutional disturbance. The cost of delaying or avoiding proper risk management can be extreme failure of a bank and possibly failure of a banking system (Laurence H Meyer, 2000).3.4 Determinants of RisksWhen banks are exposed to risk, this implies that they are vulnerable to financial distress and failure. Determinants of risk are thus causes of problem bank failure. The common causes of bank failure areManagement.Argenti (1984) attri buted 17% of his A-scores to management style and com site. He attributed another 71% to accounting deficiencies, pathetic response to change, over-gearing, over trading and large projects all of which hinge upon capabilities of management. Arguments that he put forward was that management is the primary and single most important cause of financial distress.Asset qualityLoan and advances comprise a substantial portion (50%-80%) of commercial banks total assets and they account for more than 70% of their income. This highlights the banks role as financial intermediary. Asset quality is the most important determinant of bank risk flick. This was pointed out by Hefferman (2000), Gonzalex-Hermossilo (1999), and courageous (1998). The asset quality of a bank is affected by various factors such as, over parsimoniousness, insider lending and political loans.Over-ExpansionBanks that grow quickly tend to have unjustified risks and often find that their administrative and management infor mation system cannot keep up with the rate of expansion. Too much runniness by way of rapid deposit growth could also be a problem in that management may undertake riskier credit proposals and this will adversely affect the asset quality.CapitalizationCapital adequacy ratio is a function of adjusted risk assets. A bank can either maintain this ratio by increasing its capital or reducing of adjusted risk assets. The prime objective of this control is to protect depositors. However Blum (1998) found that with the incentives for asset substitution, capital adequacy requirements may actually increase risk. This was found in the case of J.P Morgan and Deutsche Bank. In Mauritius the BOM has adopted a capital adequacy ratio of 10% to match international ideals.FraudFraud is one of the key determinants of risk. However it is closely related with the management competence that some fraudulent activities have passed off as incompetence. The BCI and Barings Bank are good examples.2.5 HOW A RE RISKS MANAGED?As pointed out by Anthony M. Santomero (1997) there drive to be essential procedures that must(prenominal) be put in place to carry out satisfactory risk management? In essence, what techniques are employed to both limit and manage the different types of risk, and how are they implemented in each area of risk control? The management of the bank relies on a series of steps to put into operation a risk management system. These can be seen as containing the following four parts2.5.1 Standards and reports,2.5.2 Position limits or rules,2.5.3 Investment guidelines or strategies,2.5.4 Incentive contracts and compensation.In general, these tools are used to measure exposure, define procedures to manage these exposures, limit individual smears to acceptable levels, and encourage decision makers to manage risk in a manner that is consistent with the firms goals and objectives (Oldfield and Santomero, 1995). To see how each of these four parts of basic risk management tech niques achieves these ends, we elaborate on each part of the process below.2.5.1 Standards and ReportsThe first of these risk management techniques involves two opposed conceptual activities, i.e., standard setting and financial report (Santomero and Babbel, 1996). They are listed jointly because they are the sine qua non of any risk system. Underwriting standards, risk categorizations, and standards of review are all traditional tools of risk management and control. Consistent evaluation and order of exposures of various types are essential to show the risks in the portfolio, and the degree to which these risks must be mitigated or absorbed (Hodgson, 1999).The consistency of financial reporting is the next ingredient. Obviously outside audits, regulatory reports, and order agency evaluations are necessary for investors to measure asset quality and firm level risk. These reports have long been standardized, for better or worse. However, the exigency here goes beyond commonpl ace reports and audited statements to the need for management information on asset quality and risk posture. Such internal reports need similar standardization and much more frequent reporting intervals, with daily or weekly reports substituting for the quarterly GAAP periodicity.2.5.2 Position Limits and RulesThe use of dress limits, and minimum standards for participation can be categorized as a second method for internal control of active management. jibe to Santomero (1995) risk taking is restricted to only those assets or counterparties that pass some prespecified quality standard. Then, even for those enthronisations that are eligible, limits are compulsory to cover exposures to counterparties, credits, and overall position concentrations relative to various types of risks. While such limits are costly to set up and control, their imposition restricts the risk that can be assumed by any one individual, and thence by the organization as a whole.In general, each individua l who can commit capital will have a swell-defined limit. This applies to traders, lenders, and portfolio managers. Summary reports show limits as well as current exposure by business unit on a periodic basis. In big organizations with thousands of positions maintained, precise and well-timed reporting is difficult, but even more necessary (Lopez, 2003).2.5.3 Investment Guidelines and StrategiesInvestment guidelines and recommended positions for the instant coming(prenominal) are the ternion technique commonly in use. Cummins et al (1998) provide that under this promoter of management control, strategies are shaped in terms of concentrations and commitments to particular areas of the market, the extremity of desired asset-liability pairing or exposure, and the need to hedge against systematic risk of a particular type.The limits described above show the way to passive risk avoidance and diversification, because managers generally work within position limits and prescribed rul es. beyond this, guidelines offer firm level advice as to the appropriate level of active management, given the state of the market and the willingness of senior management to absorb the risks implied by the combined portfolio. Such guidelines lead to firm level hedging and asset-liability matching. In addition, securitization and even derivative activity are rapidly growing techniques of position management open to participants looking to reduce their exposure to be in line with managements guidelines.2.5.4 Incentive SchemesBanks can enter incentive compatible contracts with line managers and make compensation linked to the risks assumed by these individuals, and then the need for complex and costly controls is decreased. However, such incentive contracts require precise position valuation and proper internal control systems.Such tools which include position posting, risk analysis, the allocation of costs, and setting of required returns to various parts of the organization are not irrelevant. Despite the complexity, well designed systems align the goals of managers with other stakeholders in a most desirable way. In fact, most financial debacles can be traced to the absence of incentive compatibility, as the cases of the deposit insurance and so clearly illustrate. The association of managerial compensation to book earnings can bring about acquisition of investments with negative convexity, sequence mismatch risk, fluidness risk and credit risk, whose book profits are high than their expected return (Cummins et al., 1998).ST layGIES USED BY BANKS TO MANAGE RISKSINTEREST pose RISKAll banks face interest rate risk. This type of risks occurs when long term mortgages are funded by short term deposits. Interest rate risk is like the blood pressure for banks and is vital for their survival.(Ron Feldman and Jason Schmidt)Furthermore, according to the Basel Committee (2001) interest rate risk is the exposure of a banks financial ensure to adverse movements in i nterest rates. Accepting this risk is a pattern part of banking and can be an important source of profitability and stockholder value.According to the Bank of Jamaica each banking institution needs to establish open and prudent interest rate risk limits, and ensure that the level of interest rate risk exposure does not exceed these limits. Interest rate risk limits need to be set within an institutions overall risk profile, which reflects factors such as its capital adequacy, silverity, credit quality, investment risk and foreign exchange risk. Interest rate positions should be managed within an institutions ability to start-off such positions if necessary. recess analysis, period analysis and stimulation models are interest rate risk measurement techniques used by the Bank of Jamaica (2005). all(prenominal) technique provides a different aspect on interest rate risk, has distinct strengths and weaknesses, and is more effective when used in combination with another.Gap Analy sisA simple gap analysis measures the difference between the amount of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities (both on- and off-balance sheet of paper) that reprice in a particular time period. distance AnalysisDuration is the time-weighted average maturity of the present value of the cash flows from assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet items. It measures the relative sensitivity of the value of these instruments to changing interest rates (the average term to repricing), and therefore reflects how changes in interest rates will affect the institutions economic value, that is, the present value of equity. In this context, the maturity of an investment is used to provide an indication of interest rate risk. The longer the term to maturity of an investment, the greater the chance of interest rates movements and, hence, unfavourable price changes.pretending ModelsSimulation models are an important complement to gap and duration analysis. Simulation models analys e interest rate risk in a energising context. They evaluate interest rate risk arising from both current and upcoming business and provide a way to evaluate the effects of strategies to increase earnings or reduce interest rate risk. Simulation models are also useful tools for strategic prep they allow a banking institution to effectively integrate risk management and control into the planning process.FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISKIt is the current risk to earnings and capital arising from negative movements in currency exchange rates. It refers to the impact of adverse movement in currency exchange rates on the value of open foreign currency position.The use of hedging techniques by the Bank of Jamaica is one means of managing and controlling foreign exchange risk. Many different financial instruments can be used for hedging purposes, the most commonly used, being derivative instruments. Examples include forward foreign exchange contracts, foreign currency futures contracts, foreign curr ency options, and foreign currency swaps.Generally, few banks will need to use the full range of hedging techniques or instruments. Each bank should consider which ones are necessary for the nature and extent of its foreign exchange activities, the skills and experience of trading staff and management, and the capacity of foreign exchange rate risk reporting and control systems.CREDIT RISKCredit risk is the oldest and important risk which banks exposure and important of credit risk and credit risk management are increasing with time because of some reasons like economic crises and stagnation, company bankruptcies, infraction of rules in company accounting and audits (Dr.Adem Anbar, 2006).For the Norinchukin Bank in Japan (2006), dealingss involving credit risk are one of the most important and strategic sources of earnings. In addition to assessments of the risks present in individual loans and other assets, the bank conducts comprehensive risk management from the perspective of it s overall credit risk portfolio. In this way, the bank works to have earnings proportionate with the level of credit risk it takes.While frequently strengthening its credit analysis capabilities, the bank conducts expert checks on the rest of borrowers, taking due account of their characteristics as cooperatives, private corporations, public entities, or non-residents. To conduct credit analysis on private corporations and public corporations, the bank has established the Credit Risk Management Division, which is separate from the Corporate Business Management Strategy Division, to prepare credit analyses by industry, drawing full on the expertise the bank has historically acquired. To achieve greater true statement in assessments, each senior credit analyst in fight of a certain industry assesses each client and business through with(predicate) comparisons with competitors in the same business, making use of industry research capabilities.Credit risk is measured for loans, gu arantees, foreign exchange and securities, such as corporate bonds, as well as for swaps and other off-balance transactions. Measurement of risk volumes are conducted according to types of transactions partners, including domestic and overseas corporations and financial institutions.Based on estimates of the total credit extended, the bank uses information related to credit risk such as rating transition ratios that measure the probability of rating changes and are computed based on background history and future business prospects, default ratios by rating, recovery ratios in the event of default and correlations among the creditworthiness of corporations and other entities to conduct tens of thousands of simulated scenarios, under various assumptions regarding defaults and rating changes for its customers and their productsto determine the distribution of potential losings.For the estimated potential losses, the bank calculates two risk volumes the expected loss that corresponds to the loss that can be expected on average over the next year and the probable maximum loss, which is defined as losses that can be expected under the worst case scenario. This enables the bank to check expected profitability against risk and determine the risk capital to be allocated for each business category. liquid RISKLiquidity risk is the risk that could occur if an institution does not have enough funds accessible to meet all its cash outflow obligations as they become due. Liquidity risk management ensures that funds will be addressable at all times to honour the institutions obligations (Bank of Mauritius).A liquidity risk management involves not only analyzing banks on and off-balance sheet positions to forecast future cash flows but also how the funding condition would be met (Bank of Pakistan). The last mentioned involves identifying the funding market the bank has access, understanding the nature of those markets, evaluating banks current and future use of the market and monitor signs of confidence erosion.Banks use a variety of ratios to quantify liquidity. These ratios can also be used to create limits for liquidity management. However, such ratios would be meaningless unless used regularly and interpreted taking into account qualitative factors. Ratios should always be used in concomitant with more qualitative information about borrowing capacity, such as the likelihood of increased requests for early withdrawals, decreases in credit lines, decreases in transaction size, or shortening of term funds available to the bank. To the extent that any asset-liability management decisions are based on financial ratios, a banks asset-liability managers understand how a ratio is constructed, the range of alternative information that can be placed in the numerator or denominator, and the scope of conclusions that can be drawn from ratios. Because ratio components as calculated by banks are sometimes inconsistent, ratio-based comparisons of institutions or even comparisons of periods at a single institution can be misleading.Cash Flow Ratios and Limits. hotshot of the most serious sources of liquidity risk comes from a banks failure to roll over a maturing liability. Cash flow ratios and limits attempt to measure and control the volume of liabilities maturing during a specified period of time.Liability Concentration Ratios and Limits.Liability concentration ratios and limits help to prevent a bank from relying on too few providers or funding sources. Limits are normally denotative as either a percentage of liquid assets or an absolute amount. Sometimes they are more indirectly expressed as a percentage of deposits, purchased funds, or total liabilities.Other ratio Sheet Ratios.Total loans/total deposits, total loans/total equity capital, borrowed funds/total assets etc are examples of common ratios used by financial institutions to monitor current and potential funding levels.EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON monetary RISK circumspection TECHNIQUES USED BY BANKSCREDIT RISK MANAGEMENTCredit operations are traditionally the main source of income as well as risks for banks. I am going to elaborate on the result and analysis of market central bank meeting participants carried out by Ramon Moreno in 2005.It was found that 40% of the respondents to his survey cited credit to habitation as an important source of credit risk. According to Moreno, a distinct increase in credit to the household sector has altered risk exposures and he also found that in some countries there is portentous credit risks on the banking book associated with asset price fluctuation for example lending for residential genuinely estate accounts for around 25% of total loans in Hong Kong and Korea, around 19% in Hungary, Poland and Israel, but lower in Colombia and Mexico.Another study carried out by Santomero in 1997 found that banks usually use a credit rating procedure to evaluate investment opportunities in order for credit decisions to be made in a consistent manner and to limit credit risk exposure.By use such a procedure banks were able to monitor the quality of its loan portfolio at any time. It was found that the credit quality report signals changes in expected loan losses, if the system is meaningful.Also many banks are starting line to develop concentration reports, indicating industry composition of the loan portfolio. Moody had developed a system of 34 industry groups that may be used to report concentrations. Reports such an industry grouping to illustrate the kind of concentration reports that are emerging as stand in the banking industry.Moreover a credit risk survey study was done in the Turkish Banking by Dr Adem ANBAR, where he found that there is main quantitative credit risk measurer. There are expected loss (EL), unexpected loss (UL) and credit value at risk (CVAR). Although these credit risk measures are used for measuring credit risk of one asset, particularly they are used for measuring portfolio credit risk. Only 35% of the bank used these measures.According to Dr Anbar, 30% of the banks said they measured credit risk using a portfolio credit risk model and software developed mostly by them.Furthermore 95% of the bank used internal credit rating system and a credit scoring model in credit risk analysis. This technique was used to determine credit limits, to determine problematic credit and credit risk measurement.According to the study there are 3 approaches in Basel II for credit measurement. These are exchangeable Approach (SA), Foundation Internal Ratings Based Approach (FIRBA), and Advanced Internal Rating Based Approach (AIRBA). It was found that 60% of the banks used the first method and 20% the FIRBA and 20% the AIRBA.Dr Anbar found that in general the tools which are used by Turkish banks are collateral, credit limits and diversification but they dont use methods like loan selling, securitization, credit insurance for transferring credit risk. One reason for that w as that these types of methods havent been developed in Turkish sector yet.INTEREST RATE RISK MANAGEMENTThe tradition has been for the banking industry to diverge somewhat from other parts of the financial sectors in the treatment of interest rate risk.According to Santomero (1997) institutions that do not have active trading businesses, value-at-risk has become the standard approach. Many firms use this model but in some cases it is quieten in an implementation process.According to his analysis, commercial banks tend not to use market value reports and guidelines but rather, their approach relies on cash flow and bank values. This system has been traditionally been known as the GAP reporting system. This system has been supplemented with a duration analysis. (Hempel, Simonson and Coleman, 1994)Most banks, however have essay to move beyond this gap methodology, they have concluded that the gap and duration reports are static and do not fit well with the dynamic nature of the banki ng market.Furthermore, according to the survey, many banks are using balance sheet simulation models to find the effect of interest rate variation on reported earnings overtime. This system requires relatively informed repricing schedules as well as estimates of prepayments and cash flows. The simulation system being completed, reports the resultant derivations in earnings associated with the rate scenarios considered. Officials then make use of cash, futures and swaps to reduce this risk.2.7.3 LIQUIDITY RISK MANAGEMENTThe liquidity risk that does present a real challenge is the need for funding when and if a sudden crisis arises. Standard reports on liquid assets and open lines of credit, which are germane to the first type of li

Chapter Two: Design

Chapter Two Design2.1 Chapter OverviewThis chapter presents a synopsis of the the review of literature regarding the subject of objective and captures mixed thoughts and thoughts on this. miscellaneous thoughts, cultivate and query fractionicularly relate to the visualize process be explored. This chapter encompasses the definitions, characteristics, discussions and applications of anatomy. It is intended that this chapter should give rough clear background on the savvy of the design process and its development in todays world of design research. enchantment the literature review provides a useful background of current research in the material, process and RM systems, the literature available on the design aspect for RM proceedss is severely limited. First a review of the literature for definition of the term design is presented. A discussion of the act of designing then follows. Next, the causa of k at one timeledge associated with design has been discussed. Finally, various thoughts of process of design direct been reviewed. This mental home should provide the reader with a context for interpreting the remaining chapters of this report. The rise version of this chapter empennage be referred to Appendix 3.2.2 Chapter SummaryDesign is a complex activity, involving artefacts, people, peckerwoods, process, organisations and the environment in which this takes place. This chapter has explored and discussed the subject of design and captures various aspects and thoughts on this. Various thoughts, process and research particularly related to the design be explored. However, the assumption that in that location exists a baffle of universally accepted design process is an atomic number 18a that prat be further explored. Conclusively, design is seen as a possible but subjective process. This leads to different sets of interpretation beingness utilize by different researchers.Whilst there may be some dispute about the precise definition of t he term design, it is recognized as a shoot forful and creative activity. In summary, design seeks to create things with the purpose of satisfying certain requirements in bleak ways that improves the quality of lives. In product design, a variety of requirements must be considered ranging from functionality and usability to pleasure. However, design is more than than just translating a set of requirements into a product. Also, and more importantly, it involves finding new requirements. Thus, design involves finding problems and solutions simultaneously, and this is where creativity is important.Designing a product involves a constant decisiveness making process that includes problem solving in a sequential fashion and analysis of constraints at each step. yield designers conceptualize and evaluate ideas, making them tangible through products in a more systematic approach. The mapping of a product designer encompasses many characteristics of the marketing manager, product manage r, industrial designer and design point. The role of the product designer combines art, information and technology to create tangible three-dimensional goods. This evolving role has been facilitated by digital animate beings that allow designers to communicate, visualize and analyze ideas in a way that would assimilate taken greater manpower in the past. (This appears in identical form in Wikipedia)A number of formal structures and frame working to offend understand the design process construct been suggested from many different disciplines by many researchers. Most of them have converged upon the general form proposed by Pahl and Beitzs. Pahl and Beitz (1996) compendium a model of the design process for mechanical design that considers not only the sequence of stages, but withal what the output of each stage. They carve up the design process into four phases that includes planning and clarification of the task, conceptual design, human body design and detail design.Howeve r, this research is concern with the understanding of the design process for Rapid Manufactured products. One of the objectives is to understand how the design process works and how it is learned and performed by professional and full designers. The aim of the research is to prolong the design process with the aid of computers. Finally, this chapter has given some background on the understanding of the design process and its development in todays world of design research.Chapter Three Computer Support Tools for Design3.1 Chapter OverviewThis chapter presents an overview of various tools to generate cad models for RM processes and the decision concur systems, tools and techniques used to substitute the design process. The full entry of this chapter shadower be referred to Appendix 4.3.2 Chapter SummaryComputational tools play an immanent role in providing support for the designer, because of their speed and capability for handling considerable amounts of selective informati on at fairly low costs. There are various methods to aid designer to generate weenie models much(prenominal) as hound dog softwares, abolish engineering and haptic devices. hot dog traditionally refers to computer tool to visualize, describe, edit and test manufactured artefacts, which are now an essential part of all manufacturing and production processes. CAD systems ofttimes involves more than just shapes. CAD has evolved to incorporate several other applications of computer integration with engineering, manufacturing and simulation. CAD now offers the capability of freeform surface modelling and solid modelling operations that allows drug user to create al or so any complex geometry and photo realistic rendered images. reverting engineering is an important tool to generate CAD models. To reverse engineer a part, the part is measured by a coordinate bill machine (CMM) or a 3D laser scanner. The use of reverse engineering technology not only increases the overall accurac y, but also improved the productivity of manufacturing process.There are various areas of applications of haptics devices. In manufacturing, haptics can assist design for assembly and for rapid design and prototyping. In computer-aided design, designers can experience real time details with their hands, such as treasured or unwanted artefacts of a design which are difficult to boasting visually. It is also possible to assess human maintainability of complex systems before they are built .The increasing power of computer has lead to the development of software, tools and techniques to support the design activity particularly to make design decisions. Most of the decision support tools are related to the companionship base systems or often called as expert system. Expert systems are computer programs that are derived from a branch of computer science research called ersatz Intelligence (AI). AIs scientific goal is to understand intelligence by building computer programs that expo se intelligent behaviour (Boyle 1989). It is concerned with the concepts and methods of symbolic inference, or reasoning, by a computer, and how the knowledge used to make those inferences will be represented interior the machine. The main characteristics of the Expert Systems can be briefly described as reduced decision making time, enhancement of problem solving capabilities, a capture of limited expertise and its diffusion, an increased output, productivity and quality approachability to knowledge, ability to work with incomplete information and provision of training(Ziemian, Crawn 2001).There are several methods used to support the decision making process such as Case- stemd Reasoning (CBR), fuzzy logic, Artificial Neural Network, Rule Base System and Ontology. CBR is a problem solving technique ground on the adaptation of previous examples that are similar to the current problem(Maher, Balachandran Zhang 1995). An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process information (Moridis, Economides, 2009). Fuzzy are actual using the method of fuzzy logic, which deals with uncertainty. This technique, which uses the numeral theory of fuzzy sets, simulates the process of normal human reasoning by allowing the computer to behave less precisely and logically than conventional computers (Shu-Hsien Liao 2005).Rules are probably the most common form of knowledge representation and they are present in most Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications such as Expert Systems and Decision Support Systems (Obot, Uzoka 2009). Rule base system uses rules as the knowledge representation for knowledge coded into the system i.e. knowledge is stored as rules. Rules typically take the form of if then statement.Ontology in both computer science and information science is a formal representation of a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between those concep ts (Shu-Hsien Liao 2005). Ontology is a system of vocabulary, which is used as a fundamental concept for describing the task/domain knowledge o be identified. This vocabulary is used as a confabulation basis between domain experts and knowledge engineers.On the other hand, there are a number of selection tool for RP system has been developed since 1993 (Masood, Soo 2002). The selection of the most suitable RM process is dependent on factors such as build envelope, accuracy, material, build speed and other machine related parameters.This chapter has explored and discussed the general overview of the various tools to generate CAD models for RM processes and the decision support systems, tools and techniques to support the design process. Various CAD data development systems and tool have been explored. Furthermore, various expert systems technologies that support the decision making process have also been explored. Conclusively, CAD and reverse engineering technology are the most wel l known CAD data development systems. In addition, expert systems are the most well known decision support tool that have been used for various applications. Having become widely used for a broad range of applications, some elements of an expert system could be considered to have the capability to be a design aid tool that could take a shit the DfRM tool.In the context of design support systems for RM technologies, due to the direct manufacturing of products from CAD data, the cost and time are low mainly because complex objects can be generated without the use of conventional machines. So far within the RM demesne little attention has been given to the product design phase, emphasis is commonly on the development of the technology itself (processes, materials, building strategies, system selection, manufacturing parameter optimization etc). On the other hand the operation and choices which take place during the design phase are crucial for the quality of the product produce.

Criminology Essays Punishing Treating Preventing

Criminology Essays Punishing Treating PreventingPunishing Treating PreventingPunishing, treating and preventing offenseAn obvious uncertainty to pose regarding offenders is, how can they be prevented from recidivism? Examining the effectiveness of ways in which the discriminatory strategy responds to offenders will precisely enhance the understanding of how re offend can be removed.One of the mevery ways in which a legal system can respond to crime is by imprisoning an offender. Imprisonment can help oneself a number of possible functions including retribution, incapacitation, deterrence and reform (Putwain and Sammons, 2002). Whether or non prison works is under constant review and there is lots disagreement on which of the possible functions should serve its purpose (Bottomley and Pease, 1986 Home Office, 1994 Zamble, 1990). in concert with questioning if it is an effective response to crime, there atomic number 18 numerous psychological do of shackles (Dooley, 1990 H eather, 1977 Rasch, 1981 Zamble and Porporino, 1988).Besides durance, legal systems all over the being have a variety of other means of punishing and rehabilitating offenders. unlike countries favour different methods but in Britain and the US, the most common forms of non-custodial sentences are fines (Caldwell, 1965 Feldman, 1993 Walker and Farringdon, 1981), probation (Oldfield, 1996 Roshier, 1995) and community service (Evans and Koederitz, 1983 Schneider, 1986). There is evidence that, for some offenders, these forms of sentence are at least as effective as chains and have a number of additional benefits. In grouchy, they are cheaper to trade than custodial sentences.You can get expert help with your essays right now. become out moreThe various custodial and non-custodial measures employed by discriminative systems are designed to serve a number of purposes of which rehabilitation is only one. The failure of judicial sanctions to make a significant difference to crime r ate (Lipsey, 1992) has prompted a number of psychologists to put forward rehabilitation programmes found on psychological principles. These differ from judicial sanctions in two key ways (Putwain and Sammons, 2002). Firstly, their take is solely to reduce the probability of reoffending, rather than unrelenting justice on the offender.Secondly, they are based on psychological theories of offending instead of the notions of human nature on which judicial sanctions are very much based. A large number of these interventions have been tried, however those demeanoral and cognitive treatments for offending have had the most conquest for instance token economies (Ayllon and Milan, 1979 Cohen and Filipcjak, 1971 Hobbs and Holt, 1976), sociable skills training (Blackburn, 1993 Goldstein, 1986 Spence and Marzillier, 1981) and fury focal point (Ainsworth, 2000 Novaco, 1975).All such measures, both judicial and psychological are forms of crime taproom insofar as they aim to prevent of fenders from committing further crimes. However, this is only one approach to preventing crime and is not what is usually meant by crime prevention. Brantingham and Faust (1976) have made a multipurpose distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary crime prevention.Primary prevention refers to reducing opportunities for crime without reference to the individuals who commit it. Zero tolerance (Bratton, 1998 Sherman, 1997 Wilson and Kelling, 1982) together with environmental approaches such as closed circuit television inspection (Burrows, 1980 Horne, 1996), target hardening and defensible space ( tenderman, 1973 Feldman, 1993 Wilson, 1980) are examples. Secondary prevention refers to measures directed at those at risk of becoming involved in crime to prevent them from doing so. Tertiary prevention refers to preventing further criminal behaviour by those who have already offended such as anger management.It is evident that that the utility of judicial measures in preventing r eoffending is limited. In particular, for most offenders, imprisonment seems to be no more effective than non-custodial sentencing, which may be seen as preferable, as it is cheaper for the authorities and less detrimental to the offender. There has been inadequate supremacy with psychological interventions, though cognitive-behavioural techniques appear to be more effective than rigorously behavioural techniques.Finally, it appears that the large range of crime prevention strategies that reduce the incidence of offending have a key impact in diminish crime in a particular area. Nevertheless, there is evidence that such crime is simply displaced to other areas. Rigorous enforcement of the law, even for minor offences suggests a reduction in crime but only if used in conjunction with other measures to improve the quality of policing in a particular area. Whilst all such measures have some impact albeit minimal in many cases, none can justifiably be called a firmness to the problem of crime.ReferencesAinsworth, P. B. (2000) psychology and criminal offence Myths and Reality. Harlow Pearson EducationAyllon, T. and Milan, M. A. (1979) Correctional rehabilitation and management a psychological approach. New York Wiley.Blackburn, R. (1993) The Psychology of woeful Conduct. Chichester John Wiley and SonsBratton, W. J. (1998) umbrage is down to in New York City Blame the police in N.Dennis (ed.) Zero Tolerance Policing in a Free Society. London IEA wellness and Welfare Unit.Cohen, H. L. and Filipcjak, J. (1971) A new learning environment. San Francisco Jossey Boss.Bottomley, K. and Pease, K. (1986) Crime and punishment understand the data. Milton Keynes Open University Press.Brantingham, P. J. and Faust, F. L. (1976) A conceptual model of crime prevention Crime and Delinquency, 22, 130-146.Burrows, J. (1980) Closed circuit television and crime on the London metro inR.V.G. Clarke and P. Mayhew (eds) Designing Out Crime. London HMSO.Caldwell, R. G. (1965) Crimin ology (2nd Ed). New York Ronald Press.Evans, R. C. and Koederitz, G. D. (1983) The requirement of comeback for juvenile offenders an alternative disposition Journal of Offender Counselling, Services and Rehabilitation, 7, 1-20.Feldman, P. (1993) The Psychology of Crime. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Heather, N. (1977) Personal illness in lifers and the effects of long-term intermediate sentences British Journal of Criminology, 17, 378-386.Hobbs, T. R. and Holt, M. N. (1976) The effects of token reinforcement on the behaviour of delinquents in cottage settings Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 9, 189-198.Home Office (1994) Criminal Statistics. London Home Office.Horne, C. J. (1996) The case for CCTV should be introduced International Journal of Risk, certification and Crime Prevention, 1, 317-326.Lipsey, J. W. (1992) Juvenile delinquency treatment a meta-analytical enquiry into the unevenness of effects in T. Cook (ed.) Meta-Analysis for Explanation A Casebook. New Yor k Russel acute Foundation.Newman, O. (1973) Defensible Space crime prevention through urban design. New York. Macmillan.Novaco, R. W. (1975) Anger Control. the development and evaluation of an experimental treatment. Lexington D.C. Health.Oldfield, M. (1996) The Kent Reconviction Survey. Maidstone Kent Probation Service.Putwain, D. W. and Sammons, A. (2001) Psychology. London Letts EducationalRasch, W. (1981) The effects of indeterminate detention a study of men sentenced to life imprisonment International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 4, 417-431.Roshier, R. (1995) A comparative study of reconviction rates in Cleveland.Middlesbrough Cleveland Probation Service.Schneider, A. L. (1986) Restitution and recidivism rates of juvenile offenders results from four experimental studies Criminology, 24, 533-552.Sherman, L. (1997) Policing for crime prevention in L. Sherman, D. Gottfredson, D.MacKenzie, J. Eck, P. Reuter and S. Bushway (eds) Preventing crime what Works, what doesnt, whats pro mising. Report to the United States relative prepared for the National Institute of Justice http//www.preventingcrime.org/Spence, S. H. and Marzillier, J. S. (1981) Social skills training with juvenile male offenders II Short term, long term and generalisation effects Behaviour Research and Therapy, 19, 349-368.Wilson, J. Q. and Kelling, G. W. (1982) Broken Windows Atlantic Monthly, 249 (3), 29-38.Walker, N. and Farringdon, D. P. (1981) Reconviction rates of adult males afterward different sentences British Journal of Criminology, 21, 357-360.Zamble, E. (1990) Behavioural and psychological considerations in the success of prison reform in J .W. Murphy and J. E. Dison (Eds) Are Prisons any better? 20 years of prison reform. Newbury Park, CA Sage.Zamble, E. and Porporino, F. J. (1988) Coping, behaviour and version in prison inmates. Berlin Springer-Verlag.

Critical Review of Milk Age-Thickening

Critical Review of Milk Age-ThickeningRobert Adi NugrahaThe phenomenon known as get along with inspissation(a) refers to the event of viscousness rise just onwards the constitution of jelly and loss of fluidity. It is described by Snoeren et al (1982) as structural build-up by means of weak interactions between casein micelles which could be disrupted through automatonlike shear. This launch is observed to a greater extent on voiceless take out than the atomic number 53 strength draw. (Datta Deeth, 2001) In profit, the type of take out whitethorn have a part as well in determining the susceptibility to mount knob. It was found that skim milk samples were more susceptible to old metre thicken than regular milk. This is be prep atomic number 18 fat had a protective performance against jump on boss, perhaps through the interaction with casein micelles. (Harwalker et al, 1983) Age leaf node is too a major limiting factor of shelf life for ultra blue tempe rature (UHT) milk. (Datta Deeth, 2001)According to Datta Deeth (2001), there ar 4 st progresss of age node. The initial pure tone is the thinning of the carrefour. There is non much change in viscousness observed in second step. The third step should display the sudden change of viscosity and change institution. The hold water step is where the separation begins and gel started to appear. This gel that formed has been characterised by the milk whey proteins (in particular -Lactoglobulin) interacting with casein (mainly -casein) of the casein particle and forming a three dimensional matrix of protein. Thus, this burdened in the formation of -Lactoglobulin--casein compoundes during the alter treatment process involved in production of UHT milk products. Moreover, further changes occur during storage which involve the -Lactoglobulin--casein complexes being released from casein micelles and come home linking proteins interactions. This resulted in the formation of three d imensional protein network and can be observed as the milk thicken and then gel. (Datta Deeth, 2001)There argon several factors that affect age thickening in milk which argon mode and severity of heat treatment, proteolysis, microbiology quality factor, storage temperatures, and fat content. These factors be related to the degree of the three processes which lead to age thickening or gelation which are 1) -Lactoglobulin and -casein interaction, 2) the -Lactoglobulin--casein complex release from the casein particle, and 3) the cross linking of the -Lactoglobulin--casein complexes and proteins. (Datta Deeth, 2001) There are several additional factors suggested by Walstra et al (2005) that involve the ready of age thickening in condensed milk. The factors added are the detail at which sugar is added (the last mentioned in the process, the less the age thickening) and the concentration factor (the spiriteder the concentration, the more the age thickening).The effect of heat treat ment on preventing age-thickening in cold-stored evaporated milk was looked at by Harwalker et al (1983) and showed that heat treatment was not rough-and-ready at all. The idea behind their research was because of some changes in casein micelles which resulted from cold storage could be change from thawing. Thus, the same concept was looked at for application in similar way, but they could not break secern that the treatment worked. On the other hand, several researches have found that the mental institution of UHT estrus whether that direct or indirect differentiate the susceptibility of the milk samples to age thickening effect.McKellar et al (1984) found that an increase in viscosity was observed between 6-10 weeks at 20C of directly alter UHT milk compared to the no apparent rise in viscosity during 30 weeks storage at the same temperature for the indirectly heated UHT milk. They suggested that the different warmth severity where the indirect heating have higher heat e ffect was the crucial factor that caused this result to be conform ton. Similar researches were carried out by increasing the temperature or time of heating and the same effect could be observed where the milk samples exposed to higher temperature or longer heating time tend to last longer without age thickening effect observed. (Samuelson Holm, 1966 Zadow Chituta, 1975) The reasoning behind this was suggested through the research of Manji Kakuda (1988) where they proposed that the resistance to age thickening effect observed in more severely heat interact milk samples was due to the increased level of denatured whey protein. The result from this research showed that start of the age thickening effect is factored by formation of denatured whey proteins and casein complex.Some studies have investigated the role of proteolysis of caseins in age thickening of milk. This was accredited to natural milk proteinase (plasmin) and heat stalls proteinase produced by contaminants psychro trophic bacterial. (Datta Deeth, 2001) During storage, the quantity of plasmin in milk may increase because of the endogenous plasminogen activators which convert plasminogen into plasmin and may cause gelation. Plasminogen is more heat stable than plasmin and therefore if proteolysis and subsequently age thickening need to be controlled, denaturation of plasminogen must be targeted. In a study specifically designed to look at the effect of proteolysis in age thickening, serine proteinase inhibitors were added to UHT milk to inhibit plasmin and the result later on storage for 9 months at 20C was that no proteolysis and gelation occurred. (de Koning et al, 1985) As for the heat stable proteinase produced by psychrothropic bacteria, a Pseudomonas fluorescens accomplish was isolated from raw milk. The presence of this bacteria led to age thickening gelation over time with the time dependent on the bacteria emersion prior to heat processing. (Law et al, 1985) Therefore, both bacter ial proteinases and plasmin displayed their abilities to initiate proteolysis and thus age thickening effect in UHT milk.Harwalker et al (1983) tested the microbic quality of the raw milk used for preparing the evaporated milk, but they did not find any significant relation between the age thickening effect and this microbial quality. They proceeded to look at the microbial appendage during storage to see if there was a relationship or not. In this part of their research, they did not find evidence to support relationship between an increase in standard denture count of microorganism with age thickening effect. The samples they were exam had an increase in standard plate count to millions, but the viscosity change was less than the samples which had much lower increases in standard plate count. The age thickened samples also showed no microorganisms which are capable of growth with the conditions. (Harwalker et al, 1983)The addition of additives to milk, such as sodium phosphate and sodium citrate, may speed up the age thickening effect, whereas the addition of polyphospates (e.g. sodium hexametaphosphate) could hold up this effect. (Datta Deeth, 2001) The age gelation protection provided by polyphosphates increases with chain length and concentration with the close effective one being at 4.8 phosphorus atoms per chain. (Leviton et al, 1963) Furthermore, cyclic phosphates are more effective than the corresponding linear polymers in hold backing the effect of age thickening. This is because cyclic phosphates are stable against hydrolysis and thus unable to form complexes with calcium ions which also posses anti-gelation activity as well compared to the linear polyphosphates which are converted slowly into orthophosphate that accelerates age thickening effect. (Leviton et al, 1962)Oxidising conditions such as aeration and hydrogen peroxide treatments accelerated age thickening, but reducing conditions such as antioxidant treatments tended to delay but not prevent this phenomenon. (Harwalkar et al, 1983) This research also found that age thickening was also accelerated when evaporated skim milk was cold-stored before sterilisation. In relation to commercial practice, the age thickening problem happens to be a seasonal problem and it is more frequent in the early spring. (Hardham, 1996) fund temperature is an important factor in age thickening effect as well. As noted by Datta Deeth (2001), age thickening takes place close to easily at room temperatures (20-25C) compared to the low (4C) or high temperatures (35-40C). Moreover, Harwalker et al (1983) concluded that age thickening may not pose a huge problem if cold storage of concentrate milk before sterilisation could be avoided. However, they noted that it is simply not possible in practical term because of the increasing volume of milk processed in combination with shorter working weeks.Datta Deeth (2001) summarised ways of controlling age gelation in their reputation which wil l be discussed here. These systems are based on minimising proteolytic activity, delaying dissociation of -Lactoglobulin--casein complex from casein micelle, and inhibition of crosslinking or protein network formation.The first and frontmost important way is by using raw milk of high quality in combination with low temperature storage for the least arrive of time. In this way, the growth of psychrotrophic bacteria and the proteinases generated from bacteria in milk is minimised before thermal processing. (Datta Deeth, 2001) The second method proposed is heat treatment during preheating and sterilisation. This method require to achieve the denaturation of most -Lactoglobulin and complex formation of the aforementioned denatured whey proteins with casein. In addition, the heat treatment would also inactivate plasmin. Indirect heating is more encouraged rather than direct heating to produce gelation stable milk. (McKellar et al, 1984) The drawback from this method is that it may give cooked flavour which would be a disconfirming attribute for consumers. (Datta Deeth, 2001)The third method suggested in the literature was reported by Barach et al (1976) which is the low temperature inactivation of heat stable enzymes in milk using T=55 C and extended holding time of 30-60 minutes. It was suggested that the proteinase undergoes a conformational change, and then the altered proteinase aggregates with casein, and thus an enzyme-casein complex was formed which inactivate the enzyme. However, this method is flawed in the way that the effect of this low temperature inactivation treatment varies between different milk batches and also some proteinases showed resistance to the temperature-time combination treatment proposed above. (Datta Deeth, 2001) Last method proposed is the addition of additives such as sodium hexametaphosphate to retard age thickening effect. This method was based on Kocak Zadow (1985) experiment which suggests that polyphosphates (sodium he xametaphosphate in particular) stopped the second manikin of age thickening gelation which involves coagulation of protein. The drawback is that the consumer reaction to additives being added to milk product may be unfavourable.In addition, ultrasound have emerged as a possible method to manage the milk age thickening phenomenon. (Zisu et al, 2012) In the study, they used high intensity ultrasound with frequency of 20 kilocycle per second to control the rate of age thickening and reduce the viscosity of concentrated skim milk. (Zisu et al, 2012) This study found that the ageing effect could be reversed which was observed by the reduction of viscosity to similar values that of the starting time material. However, they did also note that the ultrasound technique could not prevent age thickening once the process was started (especially if it is already at the advanced thickening stage), they rather delayed the thickening rate. (Zisu et al, 2012) The study concluded that if the ultra sound was to be utilised during the whole evaporation process, the effect on the early stage thickening stage could be prevented. (Zisu et al, 2012)In conclusion, milk age thickening poses a problem for the dairy industry as it could limit the shelf life of products. There is much to be learned of this phenomenon in golf club to solve this problem. Novel methods such as the ultrasound technique mentioned last are much needed and may arise as more research being focused on the causes of this age thickening effect. The mentality is that more ways would be suggested and researched to prevent this effect from happening and lastly resolving the problem. In the mean time, there are few alternatives methods already available or suggested to minimise or delay the age thickening effect.

Tension and Conflict in Mending Wall :: Mending Wall Essays

Tension and Conflict in Mending border The conflict in Mending Wall develops as the verbaliser reveals much and more of himself temporary hookup portraying a native northern and responding to the regional spirit he embodies. The opposition between observer and observed--and the tension produced by the observers awareness of the difference--is crucial to the poem. Ultimately, the very knowledge of this opposition becomes itself a diverseness of barrier behind which the persona, for all his dislike of walls, finds himself confined. But at the beginning, the Yankee farmer is not present, and the persona introduces himself in a reflective, offhanded way, speculate about walls Something there is that doesnt love a wall, That sends the frozen-ground-swell under it And spills the upper boulders in the sun, And makes gaps even two can pass abreast. Clearly, he is a cursory sort. He broaches no difficult subjects, nor does he insist on public lecture about himself yet cover is at h is best in a sentence like this. Through the language and rhythm of the lines we gain a faint still unmistakable sense of the poems conflict. Like the frozen-ground-swell, it gathers strength while lying buried beneath the denotative surface of the poem. From the start, we suspect that the speaker has more sympathy than he admits for whatever it is that doesnt love a wall. Frost establishes at the outset his speakers discursive in deportion. He combines the indefinite pronoun something with the loose jinx construction there is to evoke a ruminative vagueness even originally raising the central subject of walls. A more straightforward caseful (like the Yankee farmer) might condense this opening line to common chord direct words Something dislikes walls. But Frost employs informal, indulgently convoluted language to show a linguistic texture for the dramatic conflict that develops later in the poem. By using syntactical inversion (something there is . . .) to introduce a ramblin g, undisciplined series of relative clauses and compound verb phrases (that doesnt love . . . that sends . . . and spills . . . and makes . . .), he evinces his personas unorthodox, uninhibited imagination. Not only does this speaker believe in a exotic force, a seemingly intelligent, natural or supernatural something that sends the frozen-ground-swell to ravage the wall, but his speech is also charged with a deep sensitivity to it. The three active verbs (sends, spills, makes) that impel the second, third, and fourth lines forward are completed by direct objects that suggest his close observation of the destructive process.

leadership Essay -- essays research papers

achievement appraisals are conducted course of instructionbook for each lag employee. Semi annual or quarterly reviews are recommended to entertain better parley between supervisors and employees in assessing progress, jointly developing tonic plans and objectives, and clarifying expectations for the approaching year.This process is designed to improve billet understanding, supercharge more efficient job performance, and establish future goals for career growth. nigh goals of the performance appraisals are to provide provide members with feedback on their performance and accomplishments for the preceding(prenominal) year. This program should in addition assist staff members in understanding their job responsibilities and supervisors performance expectations. Performance goals for the upcoming year and specific plans to help staff members meet those goals should in addition be established through this process.During each annual appraisal conclave the employee and su pervisor review the employees performance during the previous year measured against standards caboodle at the start of the year. Both successes and failures are reviewed. It is shaping to take the succession to understand why certain objectives were boffoly achieved and what prevented the successful achievement of separate objectives. This review helps to set and achieve new objectives in the year ahead. A key part of the appraisal process is a self-review by the employee, which ordain allow the employee to review his or her own performance. This idler enhance bipartisan comm... leadership Essay -- essays research papers Performance appraisals are conducted yearly for each staff employee. Semiannual or quarterly reviews are recommended to foster better communication between supervisors and employees in assessing progress, jointly developing new plans and objectives, and clarifying expectations for the coming year.This process is designed to improve job unders tanding, promote more effective job performance, and establish future goals for career growth. Some goals of the performance appraisals are to provide staff members with feedback on their performance and accomplishments for the previous year. This program should also assist staff members in understanding their job responsibilities and supervisors performance expectations. Performance goals for the upcoming year and specific plans to help staff members meet those goals should also be established through this process.During each annual appraisal conference the employee and supervisor review the employees performance during the previous year measured against standards set at the start of the year. Both successes and failures are reviewed. It is constructive to take the time to understand why certain objectives were successfully achieved and what prevented the successful achievement of other objectives. This review helps to set and achieve new objectives in the year ahead. A key part of the appraisal process is a self-review by the employee, which will allow the employee to review his or her own performance. This can enhance two-way comm...

Human Beings and Their Control Over Nature in the Twentieth Century Ess

gracious Beings and Their Control Over Nature in the ordinal Century Throughout the history of western civilization, the benignant race has had a continuing relationship with nature and the environment. Progress has improved the way in which human beings use natural resources and the ways in which they work together to improve the quality of life. Developments in science and technology of the twentieth-century eat greatly improved the way that creation interact. As the technological advancements of the twentieth-century progressed from the discovery of vaccinations to figurer age technology, humans have learned to take a bulky amount of escort over their lives and the environment as compared to the past, in which humans had very little control over nature. These progressions have had positive and prohibit effects on society. Positively, medical research has been able to allow the human race to lengthen life span and improve the work of genetics. science has connect ed the globe through computer technology. The negative aspects of progression have some far-reaching consequences, such as new forms of imperialism, the atomic bomb, and destruction of the environment. During the 18th and nineteenth centuries, poor living conditions and disease plagued western civilization. Europeans had little control over their environment. The Old Regime way of life caused a consternation of change and new ways of thinking were usually condemned. The economy of subsistence reflected the world-wide outlook of society. Little or no growth took place. The mindset during this date period was, in fact, better safe than sorry. Improvements, however, were made during the industrial Revolution and throughout the twentieth centur... .... 9. Rogers 524. 10. Rogers 524. 11. Rogers 528. 12. Rogers 385. 13. Rogers 535. 14. Rogers 382. 15. Donald Kagan, et al, The Western Heritage Brief variant Volume II Since 1648 (Upper Saddle River NJ Prentice Hall, Inc., 1996) 697. 16. Kagan 747. 17. Kagan 747. Bibliography - Riehl, Nikolaus and Frederick Seitz. Stalins Captive Nikolaus Riehl and the Soviet Race for the Bomb. The United States of America American chemical substance Society and the Chemical Heritage Foundation, 1996. This book largely details the experiences of the scientist, Nikolaus Riehl, who spent 10 old age as a captive of the Soviet Union. He worked on the drudgery of pure uranium for the Soviet nuclear bomb program. This relates to the topic of Human Beings and Their Control Over Nature with respect to the production of nuclear weapons.

osmosis :: essays research papers

The following is a short take in from this percentage of coursework... els of sucrose rootage to distilled water (see thou table above) and I dictated each of the mixtures into the correct beakers. 5. Then I weighed all the spud chips on an electronic balance (see results) and recorded the results. 6. I placed 5 pieces of tater into each beaker and left them for approx 36 hrs. 7. after this time I drain out the solutions from the beakers and I carefully placed them in grade of megabyte on a paper towel. 8. I dried the white potato vine chips softly and indeed weighed each potato piece and recorded the results. 9. As I had extra time I made a trice experiment and also recorded those Results Molarity (M) Starting free weight (g) (Results 1) final exam pack (g) (Results 1) division Change (%) (Results 1) Start Weight (g) (Results 2) Final Weight (g) (Results 2) Percentage Change (%) (Results 2) These values clearly support my omen, and even though in that location are some anomalous results, there is an overall blackball apparent movement across the whole set of results, proving them accurate. Analysis of Results The sucrose density of the solution into which the potato tissue is placed affects to what degree it grows or shrinks. As you lot see from the graph the results show a clear minus correlation, a very obvious inversely proportional trend. From this a polish throne be drawn. When the water concentration is high, the potato gains water, as seen by the 0.0 molarity solution. When the water concentration is low, the potato loses weight and therefore decreases in mass, as seen in the 1.0 concentration solution. This proves my hypothesis correct. The results were quite widely ranged, as seen on the graph, wit ......Aim To see how concentration affects osmosis on a potato. send off I impart first make a prediction victimization the knowledge I gull on osmosis and I will then carry out the investigation to prove whether concentration a ffects osmosis in a potato. Using my results I will then depict to retrieve a pattern and prove my prediction to be correct or incorrect. After I have done that I will try and capture ways in which I could improve the experiment and deform the investigation. regularity First we will cut out 18 pieces of potatos from the identical potato using a borer so that we have all the potato strips at the same length and same mass.osmosis essays research papers The following is a short sample from this piece of coursework... els of sucrose solution to distilled water (see molarity table above) and I placed each of the mixtures into the correct beakers. 5. Then I weighed all the potato chips on an electronic balance (see results) and recorded the results. 6. I placed 5 pieces of potato into each beaker and left them for approx 36 hrs. 7. After this time I drained out the solutions from the beakers and I carefully placed them in order of molarity on a paper towel. 8. I dried the potato chips gently and then weighed each potato piece and recorded the results. 9. As I had extra time I made a second experiment and also recorded those Results Molarity (M) Starting Weight (g) (Results 1) Final Weight (g) (Results 1) Percentage Change (%) (Results 1) Start Weight (g) (Results 2) Final Weight (g) (Results 2) Percentage Change (%) (Results 2) These values clearly support my prediction, and even though there are some anomalous results, there is an overall negative trend across the whole set of results, proving them accurate. Analysis of Results The sucrose concentration of the solution into which the potato tissue is placed affects to what degree it grows or shrinks. As you can see from the graph the results show a clear negative correlation, a very obvious inversely proportional trend. From this a conclusion can be drawn. When the water concentration is high, the potato gains water, as seen by the 0.0 molarity solution. When the water concentration is low, the potato lose s weight and therefore decreases in mass, as seen in the 1.0 concentration solution. This proves my hypothesis correct. The results were quite widely ranged, as seen on the graph, wit ......Aim To see how concentration affects osmosis on a potato. Plan I will first make a prediction using the knowledge I have on osmosis and I will then carry out the investigation to prove whether concentration affects osmosis in a potato. Using my results I will then try to find a pattern and prove my prediction to be correct or incorrect. After I have done that I will try and find ways in which I could improve the experiment and extend the investigation. Method First we will cut out 18 pieces of potatos from the same potato using a borer so that we have all the potato strips at the same length and same mass.

Comparing the Ideology of Lenin and Stalin Essay examples -- Lenin vs

Compare and contrast the ideologies and the governmental and economic practice of Lenin and Stalin.every state is found upon and driven by some ideology. Imperial Russia was based upon autocratic absolutism for over 400 familys. Following the Bolshevik ecstasy of power in 1917, a new era dawned upon Russia. For the next 36 years she would be in the hands of two men that would flak to apply a new, vastly different creed in vox populi and transforming this country. Vladimir Ilich Lenin, as the leader of the Bolshevik party, ruled Russia from October 1917 till his death in January 1924. He was succeeded by Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, who also ruled until his death in skirt 1953. Both men claimed to ascribe to the broad ideology of Socialism and Marxism both were to develop their own versions -- later to be called Leninism and Stalinism both were to exertion to practically apply their respective ideologies whilst attempting to deal with a plethora of frequent conditions such a s internal resistance and civil war, economic tumble and foreign invasion. This paper will examine the similarities and differences between both the ideologies, and the real(a) economic and political practice, of Lenin and Stalins beliefs.A significant historiographical issue to be sensitive of in the comparison of Lenin and Stalin is that between the two, Lenin was by far the greater political theorist and ideologue and yet had much less effective time, 6 years, to put his ideas into practice . Stalin on the other hand, was much more a man of action who produced comparatively far less written material, provided who exercised his power for almost 30 years. Also Lenin had the unique opportunity to wield the installation of a new order from scratch whereas Stalin... ...actice were the 5 year plans, collectivization and industrialization. In November 1929, Stalin published an article called The Great Turn. His main business line was that for the USSR to move into the modern age she had to industrialize and the agrarian problem had to be solved once and for all. His solution was to collectivize all agriculture and to break the kulaks as a class. Over the next six years the Russian and Soviet peoples endured a holocaust comparable to that suffered by the Jews in world War 2, one that would cost over 5 million lives. The nomenclature Stalin used was as evil as any denunciation of the Jews by HitlerTo take the offensive against the kulaks means to deal the kulak class such a blow that it will no longer rise to its feetOf course the kulak cant be admitted to a collective farm. He cant because hes an accursed enemy

American Intervention in Cuba and Puerto Rico Essay -- American Histor

End notes argon missing from the story.To Secretary of State John Hay, the Spanish-American War was a resplendent little contend, one that would bring tremendous benefit to those gilded colonies liberated from Spain. For those places where the Spanish were forcibly expelled, there was postal code splendid almost either about the war or its aft(prenominal)math. To country simply that war is hell and that change is disruptive is merely to state the obvious. Beyond this, many another(prenominal) U.S. historians have characterized the results of U.S. intervention and subsequent occupation of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines as a bequest, an opportunity to enjoy previously unknown individual liberties, political self-determination and potential economic prosperity. Other historians have characterized the actions of the United States as nothing short of exploitative imperialism, designed to subjugate those who it considered inferior to a state of political and economic servit ude.What is clear is that, in Cuba and Puerto Rico, many viewed the American interest initially as a positive development. What is equally apparent is that after the war and over time, these pro-American attitudes soured considerably. There were many reasons for this development. sledding the economic, sociological, and psychological examinations of this large issue to other more ambitious endeavors, this paper aims to explore the way in which the intervention and occupation disrupted and confused the normal political construction of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Also, in an effort to avoid the large historiographical debate, political developments will be presented simply in response to conditions. The presumptuousness of this paper is that, intentionally or otherwise, the U.S. intervention and subseque... ...s E., Cuba 1933Prologue to Revolution. 1972 Cornell University Press, N.Y. Carrion, Arturo Morales, Puerto Rico, A political and pagan History., 1983 WW Norton, N.Y., N.Y. Fone r, Philip S., The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism, Volume 2, (1898-1902), 1972 Monthly Review Press, N.Y., N.Y. Knight, Franklin W., The Caribbean, The propagation of a Fragmented Nationalism. 1990 Oxford University Press, N.Y., N.Y. Maldonado-Denis, Manuel, Puerto Rico A Socio-Historic Interpretation. 1972 Random House, N.Y., N.Y. Perez, Louis A., Cuba Under The Platt Amendment, 1902-1934. 1986 University of Pittsburgh Press, Pa. Suchlicki, Jamie, The Political Ideology of Jose Marti from Beckles, Hilary and Verene Shepherd, Caribbean Freedom Economy and Society from Emancipation to the Present. 1996 Marcus Wiener, Princeton, N.J.

20th Century Somalia Essay -- International Government

twentieth Century SomaliaSomalia is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is adjoin by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, and the Indian Ocean to the east. With the longest coastline on the continent, its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains, and highlands. It is do up of the former British Protectorate of Somaliland and Italys former Trust Territory of Somalia. Somalias modern history began in the late 1800s, when European powers began to trade and settle in the Somalia area. These events and the events that occurred during the 20th carbon helped shape the modern Somalia government and culture today.In 1886, the British gained ensure over northern Somalia with treaties by guaranteeing British protection to Somali chiefs who agreed to them. The British were concerned with securing their trade interests with its coaling station in Aden. The British established what was known as British Somal iland and a boundary was made with Ethiopia through treaty negotiations in 1897. The British occupied this area with in truth little resistance in the late 19th century, but that started to assortment towards the turn of the century.The European powers that began to settle in Northern Africa, inspired the authoritative leader of the Dervish State, Mohammed Abdullah to rally support from various nations across the Horn of Africa and began unrivalled of the longest colonial resistance wars ever. He challenged the British rule through persistent attacks and became known as the Mad Mullah by the British. His first major military offensive attack was with 1500 Dervish equipped with 20 modern rifles on British soldiers stationed in the region. This resistance fro... ... Hawk helicopters and killed 18 American soldiers. The commonplace outcry in the US from these actions caused President Clinton to order all American soldiers to withdraw from Somalia by March 31, 1994. Other na tions quickly followed suit of the Americans. The failed relegating cost nearly $2 billion by its end. Although a crude parliament was convened in 2004, rival factions in various regions of Somalia still deal for control of the nation.Works Cited.U.S Marines storm Mogadishu, Somalia. (2012). The History Channel website. Retrieved April 27, 2012, from http//www.history.com/this-day-in-history/us-marines-storm-mogadishu-somalia.History of Somalia. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved April 28, 2012, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_SomaliaSomalia. (n.d.). In Conservapedia. Retrieved April 27, 2012, from http//conservapedia.com/Somalia

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: essays research papers

To Kill A Mockingbird some say that the central mind in the movie To Kill A Mockingbird is s come outhern society and racial discrimination, but the central theme is the scoffer, of which racism is a small part. Atticus Finch, a lawyer and father of 2 children living in Maycomb, Alabama, says they say that to kill a mockingbird is a sin because all the mockingbird does is sing for us all day. The mockingbird symbolizes something or some one and only(a) who is attacked by society unjustly, and that includes two characters.First, the mockingbird theme holds true for Tom Robinson. Tom is a black man who works as a field hand and is charged with raping a white-hot little girl and put on attempt. Atticus defends Tom in the trial and makes it clear that Tom is innocent and even proves that someone else was responsible for the girls wounds her father. Even though Atticus has proved Tom innocent, he is still declared guilty, put in jail, and sentenced to death. Another character, Boo Radley, as well fits the mold of the mockingbird. Boo was probably just a normal male child who was unfortunately born to parents who werent the nicest in town and liked to restrain to themselves. It was rumored that, as a child, Boo was cutting out articles in the paper for a scrapbook and when his father walked by, Boo plunged the scissor blades into Mr. Radleys leg, took them out, and just unbroken cutting the newspaper like nothing had happened. From that point on, his parents kept him locked in the house. The whole town was convinced that he was something of a monster and came out at night peeking in peoples windows. It was even rumored that he wilted all flower he passed. Throughout the course of the book, Jem, Atticus son, finds little treasures in the hollow of the tree by their house a watch, a glob of string, a spelling bee medal. When Jem is attacked by a drunken man one night, Boo Radley comes to his rescue and finally shows himself, and it is evident that he has been the one passing the treasures in the tree in an effort to bond with Atticus children. wherefore are these innocent people being judged by society? Surprisingly, its the same reason that racism started people whose lives were secure and comfortable started to last threatened by something different that might alter their lives and felt the assume to remove the threat.